Maud ul: Information Technology. 5 3.

Entering objects in 3 D COMPASS

Purpose of the module: Mastering the input objects to the COMPAS panel Geometry 3 D.

1. Total light Denia on the geometric objects

The geometric objects in the system KOMPAS 3D include:

- Points

- Support direct

- Segments

- Circle

- Ellipses

- Arc

- Polygons



- Broken,

- Bezier curves,

- NURBS,

- Hatching and shading,

- Equidistant,

- Contours.

Teams create these objects are grouped in the Tools menu - Geometry, and buttons to invoke commands - Panel geometry.

2. Creating (building) geometric object s

Supporting direct

To construct a randomly located straight line, call the team a straight line .

Specify the first point, through which must pass straight - T1. If you know the position of the second point, belonging to the line (T2), ask her.

To construct a horizontal line, invoke the command horizontal line.

Ask a point through which must pass a straight line.

To construct a vertical line, call the team a vertical line.

Remnant ki

To construct a random interval, call the command segment .

Set the starting point of the segment T1. If you know the position of the endpoint of the segment T2, ask her. The length and angle of the segment will be determined automatically. If you know the length and angle of the segment, type them in the appropriate fields on the property bar.

To construct a segment parallel to a straight-line object, call the command parallel segment.

Specify the object, parallel to which is to be cut. Set the starting point of the segment T1.

To construct a segment perpendicular to the straight-line object, call the command perpendicular to the segment.

Specify the object, which is to be perpendicular to the segment. Set the starting point of the segment T1.

Circles and

To build an arbitrary circle, invoke the command Leg . Specify the center of the circle.

Specify the radius or the diameter of the circle.

By default, the circle built without axial lines. At the same time in the Axes group on the Properties pane is active switch without axes. To create a circle had the axial line, activate the switch with axes.

To construct a circle passing through three given points, call the command circle by three points.

Set the T1, T2 and T3, must pass through the circle. Center Coordinates of the circle and its radius will be determined automatically.

Doug and

To build an arbitrary arc, call the Arc command . Set the center point of the arc.

Set the starting point of the arc. Specify the endpoint of the arc. By default, when you enter the parameter of the circle system is waiting for input radius. Thus in a group setting is active switch radius. To enter the diameter, activate the switch diameter.

Rectangle and

To build an arbitrary rectangle, call the command Rectangle . Set the first vertex of the rectangle R1.

If the position of the second peak T2 is known, ask her.

To construct a rectangle with a given center, call the Rectangle command center and top.

Set the center of the rectangle.

If the position of one of the vertices of the rectangle m1 know, ask her.

Polygon and

To construct a regular polygon, invoke the command Polygon. By default, the polygon based on the inscribed circle. To enable the construction of the circumcircle, activate the switch by the circumscribed circle.

Enter the number of vertices of the polygon in the appropriate box on the Properties pane. Set the center point of the polygon.

If you know the position of the point t - One of the vertices (in the construction of the circumcircle) or the middle of one of the parties (in the construction of the inscribed circle) of a polygon, specify this point.

If you know the radius or diameter, and the angle of the polygon, enter them in the appropriate fields on the property bar.

Continuous input

To build on the sequence of segments and arcs, invoke the command continuous input objects .

When you enter the sequence of the endpoint object created automatically becomes the starting point of the next object.

Bezier curves

Thurs Oba construct a Bezier curve, Bezier curve command call . Ask a point, must pass through Bezier curve. Fix the Bezier curve created by clicking Create object.

Chamfer

To construct a segment connecting two intersecting curves, call the command Chamfer .

With the help of switch type on the Properties pane, specify the method for constructing facets: two lengths or the length and angle. Enter the first and second objects between which to build an edge.

To build a chamfer on the corners of the objects of the following types: contour, polygon or a polygon, invoke the command Chamfer the corners of the object.

By default facet is built only at a specified angle of the contour. At the same time in group mode on the properties panel active switch at a specified angle. To chamfer with given parameters simultaneously formed in all the corners of the selected contour, activate the switch on all the corners of the contour.

Curving

To build rounding circle arc between two intersecting objects, invoke the command rounding . Enter the radius of curvature of the corresponding field in the Properties pane. Specify the two objects, between which is necessary to build rounding.

To build a curving arcs of the circle at the corners of the objects of the following types: contour, polygon or a polygon, invoke the command rounding the corners of the object.

Enter the radius of curvature of the corresponding field in the Properties pane. Specify the angle of the contour, polygon or broken line on which you want to build a fillet.

Hatch and

To stroke one or more areas, call the command Hatch . Specify the border and shading options. When all the desired area will be shaded, click Create object.

Equidistant

To build equidistants any geometric object, call the Koman do equidistant curve . Specify the object equidistants which you want to build. You will see a phantom equidistant.

Configure equidistant. All the changes are displayed on the phantom. When you are ready, click Create object.

3. The principles of writing and editing drawing objects

Create object - hence determine all its parameters.

In designing fashion lei and drawings using 3D KOMPAS all options created objects are displayed on the properties.

Fig. 1. Properties panel segment

Parameters can be divided into numbers (coordinates, length, angle, number of vertices, etc.) and non-numerical (line style, the presence of symmetry axes, etc.). Next to the name of the majority of numerical parameters on the properties panel is a switch on that displays the icon corresponding to the state parameter:

o The reported

o Active

o Support

H echislovye parameters of the object can specify only one way - by selecting the desired option on the property bar. D To set the numerical parameters is available several ways.

1) an indication of the required points in the document window.

2) input parameters in the predetermined order

3) Setting parameters on the properties panel.

The value of each parameter is displayed in a separate box to the left of which is written a short name of the parameter. For segment T1 - the coordinates of the initial point, T2 - the coordinates of the endpoint, length - the length, angle - the angle of inclination of the axis X of the current system of coordinates.

To the left of the name parameter is a small button. If it displays a check mark This means that the system is currently waiting for input for this parameter.

Fig. 2. Properties panel segment

Once the value given, and the parameter is fixed, the button at a picture of cross . If the button is empty, then the parameter is a subsidiary (as the length and angle in the case of a segment), while it is available for input.

To obtain current information about the parameter field, place the cursor on it. After some time near the cursor will tab-tip with the name of the parameter

Input parameters

There are several ways to enter values into fields of object properties panel. We describe them as an example of constructing the segment.

1. If you move the cursor to the point, which will be the beginning of the segment, and commit it in the field of T1 will be automatically entered the coordinates of this point. In the button next to the crosshair will appear, indicating that the parameter is fixed.

2. In order to explicitly enter a value in the parameter field, click the left mouse button. The field will be available for editing, and you can dial the desired number.

After entering a value in the parameter field should switch to another field or press .

3. You can perform the input parameters, removing them from the existing volume projects. To do this, Compass provides a powerful apparatus of geometric calculator.

Memorizing Settings

Very often you want to draw a few objects that have the same number of parameters. A typical example is the construction of concentric circles, in which matching options would dot center.



Call the team constructing the circle, pressing the circle dashboard.

Fix the point of the circle, and then click Save state on a special control panel.

Now consistently indicate points lying on the circle. All of these circles will be built from a single center, and the system will not wait for guidance center for each new circle.

Automatic and manual creation of objects

After the call most commands input objects on a special control panel displays the two buttons. One of them, Automatic creation of object The default is pressed. If you keep this button pressed, then all objects will be created immediately after entering their parameters.

If you do not want the objects created automatically, press this button. Now, in order to confirm the creation of each of the next element, you will need to click Create object. .

Use for line-editing features

The processes of writing and editing tion of objects in COMPASS similar. In order to start editing an existing object, double-click the left mouse button on the site.

The line properties of the objects will contain the fields that characterize the parameters of the specified object. Change the settings and click .

Task 1

The aim of exercise is the development of input objects panel geometry.



1. Create a new fragment.

2. With the panel GEOMETRY draw objects:

a) Support Line:

horizontal

vertical

for any angle q

b) Segments:

an angle of 35 degrees,

parallel to the first segment

perpendicular to the first segment

c) The circles

d) Doug and

e) The continuous input

f) Bézier curve

g) Rectangles

h) and Polygon.

3. Save the file as Person 3-1.





Task 2

The aim of exercise is the development of writing and editing of objects with string properties



1. Create a new drawing.

2. Turn on the grid.

3. Draw the different objects, picking the exact values of the parameters on the panel properties of the object.

a) Segments:

length 30, angle 60

from the point of 50.120 points to 100.155

b) Circles:

radius 25

Center 50.120, diameter 60.

c) rectangle and:

Height 50, width 75.

Center 120, 150 and the size of 60x80.

d) A polygon with 6 corners

Center at 120, 135.

e) A polygon with 5 angles (n yatiugolnik)

Center at 120, 175.

f) Chamfer on rectangles

size of the lengths of 5 and 3.

g) Curving on polygons

radius rounding 7.

h) equidistant pentagon

radius 12 both sides.

4. Change the style of the line segments on a thin line.

5. Change the line style rectangles on a thickened line.

6. Save the file as Person 3 - 2.


Review Questions

1. List the geometric objects.

2. Describe the technology of constructing a straight line.

3. Describe the technology of constructing the segment.

4. Describe the technology of constructing a circle.

5. Where is the options object?

6. What are the icons are displayed when you enter the parameters of objects?

7. Describe the features of input parameters on the properties panel.

8. How do I save the settings object?

9. Where is the special control panel?

10. What is the automatic and manual object creation?

Test

1. Geometric objects are (multiple answers):

A. Hatch

B. Segments

C. Text

D. Circles

E. Polygons

F. Arcs

G. Points



2. On the Geometry pane displays Yield-Use Buttons constructing objects (multiple answers):

A. equidistant

B. Bezier Curve

C. Chamfer

D. Base

E. Hatch

F. Auxiliary line

G. rounding



3. The segment can not be built:

A. By two points - the initial and final

B. The length and angle

C. The radius or diameter

D. P arallelno another segment



4. The circle can not be built:

A. According to the radius or diameter

B. The length and angle

C. The three points

D. With axes or without axes



5. Between the two intersecting objects can be constructed (multiple answers):

A. Hatch

B. Curving

C. Chamfer

D. equidistant



6. Button with the symbol of what is necessary to press to create an object?

A.!

B.

C.

D.



7. Can you remember the parameter object?

A. Yes

B. No



8. Button with the symbol of what is necessary to press to remember the state of the parameter object?

A.

B.!

C.

D.



9. Can I manually create an object?

A. Yes

B. No

10. How to invoke edit mode object?

A. Select an object

B. Select an object and click the left mouse button

C. Select an object and click the right mouse button

D. Select the object and double click the left mouse button

Maud ul: Information Technology. 5 2.

Working with files in Compass 3 D

The purpose of the module: The development work with files of documents and examination of the foundations of a Compass 3 D.

1. Working with files of documents in Compass 3 D

In KOMPAS-3D is used by default the following file extensions.

Files documents

*. a3d - Files assemblies

*. m3d - Part files

*. cdw - Drawing files

*. frw - Files fragments

*. kdw - Files are text documents

*. srw - Specification file

Creating, opening and saving documents



To create a new document, you can use the Create button, drawing, Fragment, text document, Specification, Detail, Building on the start page, or click the Create button on the Standard toolbar, or call the command File - New ....

This displays a dialog pops up a new document.

On the Templates tab you can choose a template for the new document.

If using a template is not required, select the type of document tab new documents.

Each newly created document is displayed in a new window.

To download to edit a previously created document, click Open on the Standard toolbar or invoke the command File - Open ....

In the new screen standard file open dialog, select the type of document, and then specify the desired file name.

In that case, if you recently edited the document, and then closed it, re-opening can be done faster way. At the bottom of the File menu displays a list of the last nine documents, which worked with.

To save the document to disk, click Save on the Standard toolbar or invoke the command File - Save.

When you save a document written in a file name and extension, which were installed at the very first time you save the document.

If the document is stored on disk for the first time, an action similar to the recording under another name.

Sometimes you want to record the document after editing it, leaving unchanged the old version file. In this case, the preservation of the document under a different name and elsewhere on the disk.

Invoke the command File - Save as ....

Sometimes you need to save all documents that are open for work. To do this, invoke the command File - Save All.

2. Basics Compass 3 D

Units

In KOMPAS-3D uses the metric system of measures.

Distances between points on the drawings and fragments are calculated and displayed in millimeters. The user always works with the realities of governmental size (scale 1:1).

The numerical parameters of the texts (the height of the font, pitch lines, the value of the tab, etc.) are set and displayed in millimeters.

Interface Program

KOMPAS-3D - and a multi-MDI system. It can be simultaneously open windows of all types of documents KOMPAS-3D - models, drawings, fragments, text documents and specifications.

Commands are invoked from the pages of the Main menu, context menu or using the buttons on the toolbar.

When working with any type of document on screen displays main menu and several toolbars: Standard, View, Current Status, Compact.

Fig. 1. Standard toolbar and the View

In C Normal panel has buttons: New, Open, Save, etc.

In Control Panel Type: Zoom In, Zoom Out, Move, Zoom in / Zoom Out, Show all.

The composition of menus and toolbars depend on the type of the active document. Teams that control the display of toolbars are in the View menu - Toolbars.

To enter the settings and set the properties of objects at their creation and editing is the Properties panel.

Fig. 2. Properties panel for the object segment

Reading the current action or the active element of the interface by pressing , call other types of reference - the page via the Help menu.

Composition Compact panel depends on the active document.

Fig. 3. Compact instrument panel for drawing

Revitalization toolbars made by means of buttons switch.

When developing a drawing or a fragment of a standard compact panel includes a button switch. The panel consists of several pages.

Fig. 4. Dashboard Legend

To switch between pages, use the buttons above (left) dashboard.



On the geometry of the panel buttons are grouped by types of objects, input which they cause (for example, a group of buttons to enter the points, a group of buttons to enter the circles, etc.).

Geometry on the toolbar is visible only one button from the group. Buttons can cause an extended panel of commands, marked with small black triangle in the lower right corner.



On Panel and sizes are buttons command to dimension (linear, angular, etc.) and process notation (roughness, base, etc.).



COMPASS-3 D provides the user with all the necessary tools for editing the drawing.



Using the properties and the current state

Properties panel to manage the process of the command.

Panel can be located in its secured position at the bottom.

For example, the panel is how to perform editing of the segment.

Fig. 5. Properties panel segment

The panel can be placed in a dialog box. The structure of the Properties pane, enter:

- Title

- A special control panel

- Tabs

- Field selection tab.

Enable or disable the Properties pane is the command View - Toolbars - Properties panel.
Panel current state - the panel that displays the parameters of the current state of the active document.

Fig. 6. Panel current state

A set of fields and buttons, panels of this state depends on whether the document is active.

To enable display it on the screen is the command View - Toolbars - current status.

Coordinate systems

When working in COMPASS-3 D uses the Cartesian coordinate system right. Getting the absolute coordinate system of the drawing is always in the lower left point of the outer frame format.

For the convenience of the user can create a document in an arbitrary number of local systems of coordinates (LSC), and quickly switch between them.

Creating a local SC

To create the first local coordinate system in the document, follow these steps.

1. Call, click Insert - Local UK or click Local UK Current status on the panel.

2. After calling the command appears on the screen image of the axes of local coordinate system, which can move the cursor. Fix the beginning of LSC at the desired point, and then rotate it to the desired angle and lock the final position. You can enter the appropriate values, the coordinates of the binding and angle LSC in the fields on the property bar.

By default, LSC proposed to name SC 1, instead of which you can enter another, more appropriate, name.

3. To complete the work with the local SC, click Cancel command on a special control panel, or press the button again Local UK panel current status.

To manage the LSC, created in the document, invoke the command Insert - Local UK or click Local UK Current status on the panel.

In the Properties panel will appear controls that allow you to change the settings for LSC in the document.

To do this, click its name in the list, , And then set the appropriate values, the coordinates of the beginning, the angle of inclination of the axes and title. To create the LSC, click New Local UK .

If you need to install any LSC as the current one, select its name from the list and click Use Current Local UK . Next to the name of the LSC will be "checked" . To LSC was not present, click Use Current Local UK again. "Tick" next to its name will disappear. To remove the LSC, highlight it and click Delete .

To complete the work with the local SC, click Cancel command on a special control panel.

System Configuration

Configuring the system KOMPAS-3D includes three groups of settings.

Group


Description

System Settings


Settings made on the System tab common settings dialog box.

Settings for new / current documents


Settings made on the new tab / current documents overall dialog settings.

Desktop Settings window


Settings that determine the appearance of the main window

System Settings allows you to change the look of the screen COMPASS-3 D, as well as various system parameters.

Overall setup dialog appears on the screen after the call command Tools - Options ...

If the command is invoked in the main window, the system was not open any document, the configuration dialog contains two tabs - System, and new documents.

If the documents were discovered, the dialog is also tab the current document and the current window.

To change any of the settings, select the name of this group from the list on the left side of the dialog and then select the appropriate settings in the right side of the dialog.

Parameters of the current window you can customize the look of the screen display the auxiliary grid, as well as displaying scroll bars.

Fig. 7. Types and parameters of the grid

Setting the current or new documents

Some of the settings that determine the new or the current document:

- Parameters of the first or new sheets - Format.

Allows you to select a standard format for a drawing or a text document or to appoint a suitable size sheet manually.

Fig. 8. Page layout

- The default font

In this dialog you can select the font to use by default, all text labels on paper (except the main inscription stamped drawing).

Task 1

The aim of exercise is the development of work with files of documents.



1. Run Compass.

2. Create a document - drawing.

3. Create a document - a piece.

4. Create a document - detail.

5. Create a document - assembly.

6. Create a new document - specification.

7. Create a text document.

8. Save all files of documents under the names of Person 2 - 1-1 in the My Documents folder.

9. Close the file.

10. Create a new document in any pattern.

11. Save the file name 2 - 1-2.

12. Create a new document from a template material Wolfram.

13. Save the file name 2 - 1-3.

Task 2

The aim of the exercise is the development of the foundations of the system KOMPAS.



1. Find the top button panel and the Create.

2. Create a new drawing.

3. Create a new fragment.

4. Locate the top button and tools Open, Save.

5. Open any drawing file from the folder Files exercises.

6. Save the Last 2 - 2-1.

7. Locate the compact panel and click the edit panel.

8. Click on the panel dimensions.

9. Go to the panel geometry.

10. Locate the panel and view the current state of the cursor location.

11. Close the file without saving.



12. Open any drawing file from the folder Files exercises.

13. Execute toolbar button zoom.

14. Execute toolbar button zoom out images.

15. Follow the button to show the whole image.

16. Follow Sd Whig images using toolbar buttons.

17. Close the file without saving.



18. Create a new drawing.

19. Follow the settings sheet - the format of the current drawing and the size of A3 horizontal.

20. Create a new local coordinate system, placing top in the upper left corner of the stamp.

21. Configure and turn on the grid with the size of 1x1.

22. Set the zoom in 5.

23. Save the file as Person 2 - 2-2.



24. Create a new fragment.

25. Set up the fonts is the default GOST type B

26. Configure and turn on the grid with 2x2.

27. In becoming zoom in 3.

28. Save the file as Person 2 - 2-3.
Review Questions

1. Whether the files or documents COMPASS same extension?

2. Describe the technology to create a new document.

3. Describe the technology to save the document.

4. Which system of measures used in the COMPASS?

5. In what units of length shows the distance?

6. What is the interface system COMPASS?

7. Describe the features of a compact panel system, COMPASS.

8. What coordinate system used in the COMPASS?

9. Where is the beginning of the absolute coordinate system for drawing compass?

10. Describe the technology to create a new local coordinate system.
Test

1. As part of a compact panels are panels (multiple answers):

A. Geometry

B. Standard

C. Size

D. Editing



2. The panel view displayed:

A. Button Show all

B. Button View

C. Panel Separate

D. cursor coordinates



3. On the Standard toolbar is displayed:

A. Button Show all

B. Button View

C. Panel Separate

D. cursor coordinates



4. At the current state of the panel is displayed:

A. Button Show all

B. Button View

C. Panel Separate

D. cursor coordinates





5. Button with the symbol of what is necessary to press to create a new LSC?

A.!

B.

C.

D.



6. Button with the symbol of what is necessary to press to make the current LSC?

A.!

B. +

C.

D.



7. Can I remove the local UK?

A. Yes

B. No



8. Configuring the system KOMPAS-3D includes a group of settings: (multiple answers)

A. toolbars

B. Systems

C. New / current documents

D. Working window



9. Parameters of the current window you can customize (multiple answers):

A. The appearance of the grid

B. Nature of the cursor

C. spacing

D. System Line



10. Setting the current or a new document is called with the command:

A. File, Open

B. Tools, Options

C. Type, Zoom

D. View, Toolbars

Introduction to CAD and 3 D system KOMPAS

Модуль: Информационные технологии 5.1.

Знакомство с САПР и системой КОМПАС 3D

Цель модуля: Ознакомление с основными понятиями САПР и системой САПР КОМПАС 3D.

1. Системы автоматизированного проектирования (САПР)

Основные определения

Система автоматизированного проектирования (САПР) или CAD (Computer-Aided Design) — программный пакет, предназначенный для создания чертежей, конструкторской или технологической документации и/или 3D моделей.



Современные системы автоматизированного проектирования (CAD) обычно используются совместно с системами автоматизации инженерных расчетов и анализа CAE (Computer-aided engineering). Данные из СAD-систем передаются в CAM (Computer-aided manufacturing — система автоматизированной разработки программ обработки деталей для станков).

Русский термин «САПР» по отношению к промышленным системам имеет более широкое толкование, чем «CAD».

Компоненты САПР

- Техническое обеспечение САПР — устройства ввода, обработки и вывода данных, устройства передачи данных

- Математическое обеспечение САПР — математические модели, методики и способы их получения

- Информационное обеспечение САПР — информационная база САПР, системы управления базами данных (СУБД)

- Программное обеспечение САПР

- Программные компоненты САПР

- Методическое обеспечение

- Организационное обеспечение

Выбор САПР

Правильный выбор САПР — надежное условие эффективного проектирования.

Критерии выбора:

- Распространенность САПР

- Цена САПР, её сопровождения и модификации

- Широта охвата задач проектирования

- Удобство работы САПР и её «дружественность»

- Наличие широкой библиотечной поддержки стандартных решений

- Возможность и простота стыковки с другими САПР

- Возможность коллективной работы.

САПР иностранных производителей

Autodesk

AutoCAD — самая распространённая САПР сложных машиностроительных изделий.

ArchiCAD — САПР для архитектуры

Cadmech— универсальная САПР для машиностроения

Dassault Systèmes

CATIA — САПР для аэрокосмической промышленности

SolidWorks— универсальная САПР для машиностроения

Parametric Technologies Corp. (PTC)

Pro/Engineer — универсальная САПР для промышленных компаний

MathCAD — интегрированная система решения математических, инженерно-технических и научных задач

Российские САПР

ADEM — САПР для конструкторско-технологической подготовки и станков.

T-FLEX CAD — российская САПР для машиностроения

КОМПАС — распространённая российская САПР компании АСКОН в вариантах для двухмерного и трехмерного проектирования.

Классификация САПР по уровням

Современные CAD/CAM системы можно подразделить на следующие уровни:

Системы высокого уровня

- UNIGRAPHICS

- CATIA

Системы среднего уровня

- SOLID EDGE

- SOLID WORKS

- AUTODESK AUTOCAD

- AUTODESK MECHANICAL DESKTOP

- AUTODESK INVENTOR

Системы нижнего уровня

- АСКОН КОМПАС-3D

- T-FLEX CAD 3D

Показатели современности САПР

1. Сокращение цикла разработки модели конструкции;

2. Возможность совместной работы над проектом всех разработчиков;

3. Возможность ввода пользовательских примитивов в параметрическом виде;

4. Доступ к трехмерной модели конструкции не только разработчикам, а всем группам пользователей.

Технологии построения трехмерной модели

· ввод параметров для примитива выбранного из списка типа (например, ввод радиуса сферы или габаритов параллелепипеда),

· выполнение такого перемещения плоской фигуры в пространстве, след от которого определяет форму примитива (например, поворот окружности вокруг оси образует сферу, а смещение многоугольника – призму).

Второй способ реализован в КОМПАС-3D. Он позволяет создать такие типы объемных примитивов, которые трудно (или невозможно) сформировать первым способом.

Плоская фигура, на основе которой образуется тело, называется эскизом, а формообразующее перемещение эскиза – операцией.

Виды трехмерных моделей

САПР поддерживает три типа трехмерных моделей:

· каркасные,

· поверхностные,

· твердотельные.

Каркасная модель представляет собой скелетное описание объекта. Она не имеет граней и состоит только из точек, отрезков и кривых, описывающих ребра объекта.

Моделирование с помощью тел – это самый простой в использовании вид моделирования на основе базовых пространственных форм: параллелепипедов, конусов, цилиндров, сфер, клинов и торов (колец). Из этих форм путем их объединения, вычитания и пересечения строятся более сложные пространственные тела.



Процессы 2D и 3D моделирования

Процессы 3D- и 2D-проектирования существенно различаются.

При проектировании в 2D чертежи являются главными документами.

Напротив, основным документом в 3D является не чертеж, а компьютерная 3D-модель.



Классификация САПР по способу организации диалога

- С помощью командной строки;
С помощью системы меню и диалоговых окон;

- С помощью объектно-ориентированного интерфейса и мультимедийной системы помощи.

2.
Знакомство с системой КОМПАС 3D

Особенности системы

КОМПАС-3D является прикладной системой для выполнения различных проектно-конструкторских работ в машиностроении, приборостроении, строительстве и архитектуре.

Основные компоненты КОМПАС-3D:

- система трехмерного твердотельного моделирования,

- чертежно-графический редактор

- модуль проектирования спецификаций.

Система трехмерного твердотельного моделирования предназначена для создания трехмерных моделей отдельных деталей и сборочных единиц.

Чертежно-графический редактор (КОМПАС-ГРАФИК) предназначен для автоматизации проектно-конструкторских работ.

Он может успешно использоваться в областях:

· машиностроении,

· архитектуре,

· строительстве,

· составлении планов и схем.

Совместно с любым компонентом КОМПАС-3D может использоваться модуль проектирования спецификаций, позволяющий выпускать разнообразные спецификации, ведомости и прочие табличные документы.

Геометрические построения

При создании чертежей в КОМПАС-3D пользователю доступны самые сложные геометрические построения на плоскости с использованием объектов:

- NURBS-кривые,

- кривые Безье,

- эквидистантные кривые,

- эллипсы.





Особенности системы КОМПАС:

1. Автоматический и полуавтоматический режимы создания и редактирования штриховки.

2. Можно задавать неограниченное количество локальных систем координат,

3. Можно использовать сетку с разными шагами по координатным осям.

4. Поддерживается динамический вызов объектных привязок.

5. Поддерживается измерение любых геометрических параметров на чертеже с помощью инструмента "геометрический калькулятор".

Механизм объектных привязок позволяет указать координаты характерной точки, не устанавливая курсор строго в эту точку.

В качестве объектов привязки используются:

- точка, ближайшая к текущему положению курсора,

- точка на пересечении двух кривых,

- средняя точка кривой и т. д.

Очень удобным и точным вспомогательным средством является инструмент, который называется геометрическим калькулятором. Он позволяет "снимать" непосредственно с элементов чертежа различные координатные, линейные и угловые параметры.

Редактирование чертежа

В КОМПАС быстро и удобно выполняются операции редактирования:

- сдвига,

- поворота,

- масштабирования,

- симметрии,

- копирования,

- деформации,

- удаления,

- выравнивания,

- удаления области.

Текст в чертеже

- размерные надписи

- тексты различных обозначений

- формулы

- технические требования.

Для любой части строки текста можно задавать произвольные параметры, управляя:

· типом шрифта,

· цветом,

· размером

· наклоном символов.

Предусмотрены функции для написания:

- математических формул,

- дробей,

- верхних и нижних индексов,

- вставки различных специальных символов

- ввода вертикально расположенного текста.

Просмотр перед печатью

В КОМПАС реализована оригинальная технология предварительного просмотра документов перед печатью.

Пользователь может подготовить для вывода на плоттер или принтер сразу несколько документов, скомпоновав их наиболее оптимальным образом на поле печати.

Для изменения положения документа достаточно перетащить его в нужное место мышью.

Документы можно вращать на угол, кратный 90 градусам. Каждому из документов можно назначить свой масштаб вывода на бумагу.

Если большой документ выводится на принтер, выполняется автоматическая разбивка на листы соответствующего формата.


Типы документов



Тип документа, создаваемого в системе КОМПАС-3D, зависит от рода информации, хранящейся в этом документе.

Каждому типу документа соответствует расширение имени файла.

1.

Деталь — модель изделия, изготавливаемого из однородного материала без применения сборочных операций.
Файл детали имеет расширение m3d.

2. Сборка — модель изделия, состоящего из нескольких деталей с заданным взаимным положением.

В состав сборки могут также входить другие сборки (подсборки) и стандартные изделия. Файл сборки имеет расширение а3d.



3. Чертеж — основной тип графического документа в КОМПАС-3D.



Чертеж содержит графическое изображение изделия, основную надпись, рамку.



Чертеж может включать в себя произвольное количество видов.

Файл чертежа имеет расширение cdw.







4. Фрагмент — вспомогательный тип графического документа в КОМПАС-3D.



Фрагмент отличается от чертежа отсутствием рамки, основной надписи и других объектов оформления конструкторского документа. Он используется для хранения изображений, которые не нужно оформлять как отдельный лист (эскизные прорисовки, разработки и т.д.).

Во фрагменте можно сохранять произвольную геометрическую информацию.

Фрагмент можно сравнить с чертежом, у которого имеется всего один вид в масштабе 1:1, а все объекты оформления чертежа (рамка и штамп) отсутствуют.

Файл фрагмента имеет расширение frw.

5.

Спецификация — документ, содержащий текстовую информацию о составе сборки, представленную в виде таблицы.

Спецификация оформляется рамкой и основной надписью.

Файл спецификации имеет расширение sрw.

6. Текстовый документ — документ, содержащий преимущественно текстовую информацию. Текстовый документ оформляется рамкой и основной надписью.

Файл текстового документа имеет расширение kdw.
Вопросы для самоконтроля



1. Что называется системой автоматизированного проектирования САПР?

2. Назовите компоненты САПР.

3. Каковы критерии выбора САПР?

4. Назовите показатели современности САПР.

5. Какие способы диалога могут быть организованы в САПР?

6. Что означает объектная привязка в системе КОМПАС?

7. Что представляет собой геометрический калькулятор системы КОМПАС?

8. Назовите особенности системы КОМПАС.

9. Укажите параметры шрифтов при создании текста в КОМПАС.

10. Какие типы документов могут создаваться в КОМПАС?

Тест

1. К компонентам САПР НЕ относится:

A. Математическое обеспечение

B. Программное обеспечение

C. Информационное обеспечение

D. Проблемное обеспечение



2. Определите виды трехмерных моделей (несколько вариантов ответов)

A. Твердотельные

B. Каркасные

C. Линейные

D. Поверхностные



3. Укажите САПР иностранных производителей (несколько вариантов ответов)

A. CATIA

B. ADEM

C. MathCAD

D. T-FLEX CAD



4. Какое описание НЕ относится к показателям современности САПР?

A. Совместная работа пользователей

B. Использование диалога командной строки

C. Ввод примитивов в параметрическом режиме

D. Доступ к модели всем группам пользователей



5. К классификации САПР по способу диалога НЕ относится следующий диалог:

A. с помощью системы меню

B. с помощью командной строки

C. с помощью голосового ввода команд

D. с помощью объектно-ориентированного интерфейса



6. Основные компоненты КОМПАС: (несколько вариантов ответов)

A. модуль проектирования спецификаций.

B. чертежно-графический редактор

C. модуль создания сборок

D. система трехмерного твердотельного моделирования



7. Какие объекты геометрических построений НЕЛЬЗЯ выполнить в КОМПАС?

A. Кривые Безье

B. Сплайны

C. Эллипсы

D. Эквидистантные кривые



8. В системе КОМПАС можно выполнить операции редактирования: (несколько вариантов ответов)

A. Поворот

B. Отрезок

C. Кривая Безье

D. Симметрия



9. Фрагмент КОМПАС НЕ может содержать:

A. Масштаб 1:1

B. Отрезки

C. Рамку с основной надписью

D. Произвольные геометрические объекты



10. Спецификация КОМПАС представляет собой:

A. Текст в виде колонок

B. Текст в виде таблицы

C. Обычный текст

D. рисунок

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___________________________________________________________

Introduction to CAD and 3 D system KOMPAS

Purpose of the module: Introduction to the basic concepts of CAD and CAD system Compass 3 D.

1. Computer-aided design (CAD)

Basic definitions

Aided design (CAD) or CAD (Computer - Aided Design) - A software package designed for the creation Niya drawings, engineering, or technical documentation and / or 3D models.



Modern computer aided design (CAD) are usually used in conjunction with systems automation of engineering calculations and analysis CAE (Computer-aided engineering). Data from the SAD-systems are transmitted to the CAM (Computer - aided manufacturing - A system of automated programming process of parts for machine tools).

En glish term "CAD" in relation to industrial systems has more than e broad interpretation than «CAD».

Components CAD

- Technical support of CAD - Input devices, processing and output data, device data

- Software for CAD - Mathematical models, methods and ways to obtain

- Information support CAD - Infobase CAD, database management systems (DBMS)

- CAD software

- CAD Software Components

- Methodological support

- Organizational support

Select CAD

The correct choice of CAD - A safe condition for the effective design.

Criteria:

- Prevalence of CAD

- Price CAD, its maintenance and modification

- Breadth of design tasks

- Ease of CAD and its "friendly"

- A wide library support standard solutions

- Ability and ease of docking with other CAD

- Ability to teamwork.

CAD foreign producers

Autodesk

AutoCAD - the most common CAD complex engineering products.

ArchiCAD - CAD for Architecture

Cadmech - Universal CAD for mechanical engineering

Dassault Systèmes

CATIA - CAD for the aerospace industry

SolidWorks - Universal CAD for mechanical engineering

Parametric Technologies Corp. (PTC)

Pro / En gineer - Universal CAD for industrial companies

MathCAD - An integrated system for solving mathematical, engineering and scientific problems

R USSIAN CAD

ADEM - CAD for design and technological tion training and tools.

T-FLEX CAD - Russia's CAD system for mechanical engineering

COMPASS - Russia's common CAD ASCON in options for two-and three-dimensional design.

Classification of CAD on the levels

Modern CAD / CAM systems can be divided into the following levels:

Systems of high

- UNIGRAPHICS

- CATIA

Midrange

- SOLID EDGE

- SOLID WORKS

- AUTODESK AUTOCAD

- AUTODESK MECHANICAL DESKTOP

- AUTODESK INVENTOR

Lower level systems

- ASCON KOMPAS-3D

- T-FLEX CAD 3D

Performance of our CAD

1. Reducing cycle modeling and design;

2. Possibility of joint work on the project to all developers;

3. Possibility of user input primitives in parametric form;

4. L Access to the three-dimensional model structure is not only developers, but to all user groups.

Technologies for constructing three-dimensional model

· Input parameters for the entity selected from a list of the type (for example, entering the sphere radius or dimensions of the box),

• Serving as a movement of a plane figure in space, the trace of which determines the shape of a primitive (eg, a circle around the axis of rotation forms a sphere, and polygon offset - a prism).

The second method is implemented in KOMPAS-3D. It allows you to create these types of volumetric primitives, which are difficult (or impossible) to form the first method.

Plane figure, based on which is formed body, called the sketch, Shape and movement of the sketch - the operation.

Types of three-dimensional models

CAD supports three types of three-dimensional models:

· Frame,

· Superficial

· Solid.

Wire-frame model is a bare-bones description of the object. It has no facets and consists only of points, line segments and curves that describe the edges of the object.

Modeling using the phone - it is the easiest-to-use form of modeling on the basic spatial forms: parallelepipeds, cones, cylinders, spheres, wedges, and tori (rings). Of these forms through their union, subtraction and intersection are built more complex spatial body.



Processes 2 D and 3 D modeling

Processes of 3D - and 2D-design differ significantly.

When designing in 2D drawings are the main instruments.

On the contrary, the main important instrument in 3D is not drawing, and computer 3D-model.



Classification of CAD by the method of organizing the dialogue

- Using the command line;
Using a system of menus and dialog boxes;

- Using object-oriented interface and multimedia support system.

2.
Understanding the 3 D system KOMPAS

System Features

KOMPAS-3D is applied the system to perform various design work in mechanical engineering, instrument engineering, construction and architecture.

The main components of KOMPAS-3D:

- System of three-dimensional solid modeling,

- Drawing and graphical editor

- Module design specifications.

Three-dimensional solid modeling system is designed to create three-dimensional models of individual parts and assembly units.

Drawing and graphical editor (KOMPAS-Graphic) is designed to automate the design work.

It can be used successfully in the areas of:

· Engineering,

· Architecture

· Construction

· Drawing up plans and schemes.

Together with any component of the KOMPAS-3D can be used by the module design specifications, allows us to produce a variety of specifications, statements and other tabular documents.

Geometric construction

When you create a drawing in KOMPAS-3D users access the most complex geometrical constructions on the plane with the use of objects:

- NURBS-curves

- Bezier curves,

- Equidistant curves

- Ellipses.





Features of COMPASS:

1. Automatic and semi automatic creation and editing of hatching.

2. M ƈ You can specify an unlimited number of local coordinate systems

3. You can use a grid with different steps along the coordinate axes.

4. Supports dynamic call object snap.

5. Supports measurement of any geometrical parameters on the drawing tool, a geometric calculator.

The mechanism of object snap allows you to specify the coordinates of characteristic points, setting the cursor is not strictly at this point.

As the binding sites are used:

- The point closest to the current cursor position,

- The point at the intersection of two curves,

- The middle point of the curve, etc.

Very convenient and accurate means of an auxiliary tool, which is called the geometric calculator. It allows you to "withdraw" immediately to coordinate the various elements of the drawing, linear and angular parameters.

Editing drawing

In COMPASS quick and convenient editing operations are performed:

- Shift

- Turning

- Scaling

- Symmetry

- Copy

- Strain

- Removal

- Equalization

- Delete the region.

Text drawing

- Dimensional signs

- Texts of various signs

- Formulas

- Technical requirements.

For any part of the text strings can be set arbitrary parameters by managing:

· Type font

· Color

· Size

· Slant characters.

Has a function for writing:

- Mathematical formulas,

- Fractions

- Upper and lower indices,

- Insert special characters, differing p

- Enter the text vertically located.

Print Preview

COMPASS is implemented in the original technology preview documents before printing.

You can prepare for output to plotter or printer, several documents linked to the most optimal way in the field of printing.

To change the position of the document, just drag it to the right place with the mouse.

A DOCUMENT You can rotate the angle by multiples of 90 degrees. Each of the documents, you can set your scale withdrawal of the paper.

If a large document is displayed on the printer is automatically broken down into sheets of appropriate size.


Document Types



Type of document created in the system KOMPAS-3D, depends on the type of information stored in the document.

Each document type corresponds to the file name extension.

1.

Detail - the product model, fabricated aemogo of a homogeneous material without the use of assembly operations.
File extension details has m3d.

2. Assembly - the product model, consisting of several parts with a given mutual position.

The structure of the assembly may also include other assemblies (sub assembly), and standard products. The file has the extension assembly a3d.



3. Drawing - the main type of graphic document in COMPAS-3D.



The drawing contains a graphic representation of Delia, the main inscription, framed.



Drawing can include any number of species.

Drawing file has the extension cdw.







4. Fragment - support the type of graphic document in COMPAS-3D.



Fragment different from drawing the lack of framework, the main signs and other objects of decoration design document. It is used to store images that do not need to register as a separate sheet (sketch drawing, design, etc.).

In the snippet, you can store arbitrary geometric information.

F ragment can be compared with the drawing, which has only one species in a 1:1 scale, and all objects off the drawing ormleniya (frame and punch) are lacking.

The file has the extension piece frw.

5.

Specification - a document containing textual information about the composition of the assembly, presented in tabular form.

Specification is made with a frame and the main inscription.

Specification file has an extension srw.

6. Text Document - a document that contains mainly textual information. Text document is issued with a frame and the main inscription.

File a text document has the extension kdw.
Review Questions



1. What is called a system-aided design software?

2. What are the components of CAD.

3. What are the criteria for selecting software?

4. What are indicators of our CAD system.

5. What kind of dialogue can be organized in CAD?

6. What does your membership bind objects in the Compass?

7. What is a geometric calculator system KOMPAS?

8. Name Compass features of the system.

9. Specify the fonts when creating text in Compass.

10. What types of documents can be created in Compass?

Test

1. Components of CAD does not include:

A. The software

B. Software

C. Information management

D. Problem-solving software



2. Identify the types of three-dimensional models (multiple answers)

A. Solid

B. Frame

C. Linear

D. P overhnostnye



3. Specify CAD foreign producers (multiple answers)

A. CATIA

B. ADEM

C. MathCAD

D. T-FLEX CAD



4. By akoe description does not apply to performance of our software?

A. Collaboration of users

B. Use the command-line dialogue

C. Entering primitives in parametric mode

D. Access to model all user groups



5. The classification of CAD in the way of dialogue is NOT a following dialogue:

A. using the menu system

B. using the command line

C. using the voice command input

D. using object-oriented interface



6. The main components of COMPASS: (multiple answers)

A. Module design specifications.

B. drawing and graphical editor

C. creation module assemblies

D. The three-dimensional solid modeling



7. What are the objects of geometric constructions can not be performed in Compass?

A. Bezier curves

B. Splines

C. Ellipses

D. Equidistant curves



8. In the system of COMPASS can do editing operations: (multiple answers)

A. Turn

B. Cut

C. Bézier curve

D. Symmetry



9. Fragment Compass can NOT contain:

A. Scale 1:1

B. Segments

C. The frame with the main inscription

D. Arbitrary geometric objects



10. Specification Compass is:

A. The text in columns

B. The text in a table

C. Plain Text

D. Figure

CAD as a design object

Design called a description of the process needed to create the prescribed conditions is not an existing facility on the basis of the primary descriptions of the object and (or) the algorithm of its functioning. Design includes a significant range of research, calculation and design work, whose purpose is to get onwritings object design.

Automated called projection, which is performed during the interaction (usually in a dialog mode) user and the computer. Computer-aided design based on the systematic use of computer technology in the rational distribution of functions between the designer and the computer and informed choice of methods of machine tasks.

Aided design (CAD) - A set of design automation, interlinked with entities or group speAliste (user system). CAD integrates hardware, mathematical, computer, methodical, information, linguistic and organizational support, parameters and characteristics of which are chosen with a maximum view of features of design and construction tasks.

The main function of CAD is to perform computer-aided design for all or individual stages of design objects and their constituent elements.

Design object can be for production and technical assistance (means of production - technological equipment), manufacturing processes, as a result of which projects objects are embodied in material form, buildings, engineering structures, vehicles, communications, computing, organizational and managerial system etc.

Project is the set of project documents, corresponding to a given list. Designing the content is a process of processing a certain amount of various information. Output process is a description of the desired object (the information model in the form of diagrams, drawings, diagrams, specifications, schedules and other documentation), which is necessary and sufficient for the material and the material embodiment of the idea of designing a concrete physical object.

To create a CAD system is required: improving the design through the application of mathematical methods and the latest computer technology, automation of search, processing and delivery of information, the use of optimization methods and contingency planning, effective use of mathematical models designed objects, creation of databases containing systematic reference information, providing automation of the design, improving the quality of project design documentation, harmonization and standardization of design methods, training of professionals in the field of CAD, interaction design departments with automated systems at various levels and purposes.

Creating CAD is a complex scientific and technical challenge. The introduction of CAD systems requires significant capital expenditures.

Mƈ You can mention some basic features of building CAD.

CAD is a man-machine system. Important role in it belongs to the engineer, is developing the project of technical means. A man decides to CAD problems, formalization of which has not yet been achieved, as well as tasks that based on its heuristic capacity more efficiently than on a modern computer. One of the principles of construction and operation of CAD is the close interaction between man and computer in the design process.

CAD is a hierarchical system. It implements an integrated approach to automation at all levels of design. Hierarchy of levels of design is reflected in the structure of special software (software) CAD as a hierarchy of subsystems.

Composition and structure of the CAD

Constituent structural parts of the CAD system are the subsystem. In the subsystems through specialized complexes solved by means of functional sequence of tasks finished CAD.

Projection subsystem perform procedures and operations to obtain new data. They are object oriented and implement a stage of design or group of related design problems. Examples of projections subsystems are: schematic design product, design of parts (hull, shafts, gears, etc.), design of technological processes of assembly, machining and other types of processing.

Serving subsystem have a system-wide application and are used to ensure the functioning of subsystems of its own design, as well as for registration, transfer and display the results obtained in them. Examples of service subsystems: a database management system, subsystem documentation, graphical input-output.

Complexes of funds attributed to industrial products to be manufactured, replication and use of CAD. They are documenting as Specified products. Complexes of funds are subdivided into complexes of one kind of (technical, software, information) and combined (Fig. 2.1). The first includes complexes and (or) components of one type of security. The latter contain a set of complexes and components of various types of software. Combined complexes divided into:

- program-me­todicheskie (PMK);

- software and hardware (TAP).

Fig. 1. Types of systems and components of the CAD

Classification CAD

CAD classified in order to address several problems:

- preparation of a consolidated formalized description of the CAD system according to the established classification of signs;

- designations CAD developed in organizations of various industries;

- Planning values increase the level of automation of design, efficiency CAD;

- set conditions for determining the technically based norms for the creation, operation and development of CAD necessary resources (expertise, technical resources, information, energy, etc.).

Signs characterizing SAD include: type, variety, complexity of design object: level, integrated automation design, nature, the number of documents produced by the project, the number of levels in the structure of logistics CAD. To get an idea of the specific CAD system, it should be assessed on all grounds.

Type Design. CAD systems are classified on the basis of nine groups:

- engineering products;

- instrumentation products;

- technological processes in machineStructure and instrumentation

- construction projects;

- Techno­logical objects in the building;

- software products;

- organizational systems.

Variety of objects of design. Special designations objects of design is not established. Their point and coded according to the current in each branch of industry systems refer to the documentation designed system objects.

The complexity of design object. On this basis distinguish CAD:

- simple objects with the number of parts to 10;

- objects of average complexity;

- complex objects;

- very complex objects;

- super complex objects.

Integral part of design object that constitutes a product, is a part. If the object of designing a manufacturing process, then determine its component parts is much more difficult. In this case the technological process is divided into elementary technological operations or shared object on the design of conventionally produced according to the nomenclature of technological documentation.

Level design automation. On this basis distinguish CAD:

- nizkoavtomatizirovannye (up to 25%: the design procedures);

- sredneavtomatizirovannye (25 -50%);

- highly automated (over 50%).

The complexity of design. On this basis CAD subyayut:

- Single-stage;

- multiphase;

- complex.

If the automated any one stage of the design of a particular object, then the SAD relate to the first group. Where to automate all stages, CAD is complex.

Released design documents. CAD divided into five groups according to their outputs of project documents:

- on the tape and (or) sheet;

- on storage media;

- of photocarriers;

- combined (issue documents in two or more types of media).

The fifth group left back.

Number of project documents. Number of documents produced by the project characterizes the performance of CAD. In accordance with this distinction CAD small, medium and high performance.

The number of levels in the structure of technological support. On this basis CAD divided into one-, two-and three -.

Basis one-level complex of technical means (CTS) is a computer medium or high performance and full-time set of peripherals. These computer program performed data processing and storage. One or more computers form a level, which is called a central computing system (PPM). If you are using a minicomputer, the CTS is called automated workplace (AWP).

For effective communication with the user's CAD system and solutions, in addition to the most complex program procedures, a large number of simple tasks in the latest organize the second level in the computer-integrated manufacturing.

Three-level CAD, besides technical means of two-level system are peripheral and software-controlled equipment: complex monitoring of control programs for CNC machines, drawing machines, systems for manufacturing photomasks.

Types of CAD

Software for CAD

The most difficult step in creating CAD is the development of software (MO). Last largely determines the performance and efficiency of CAD in general. DoD CAD is based on algorithms, which are developing software (software) CAD. DoD CAD includes a variety of elements, among which are invariant - the principles of the development of functional models, numerical methods for solving equations, finding the extremum. Appointment and way to implement DoD CAD divided into two parts:

- mathematical methods and building on the basis of their mathematical­cal object model design;

- formalized description of technology of automated­tion design.

Information support CAD (IO CAD)

The main purpose of the IO CAD - Decrease the volume of information required in the design process from DeveloperAnd avoidance of duplication of data in the application, software and technical support of CAD.

The basis of the information security (IO) are the CAD data that designers use to develop design solutions. Collection of data used by all components of CAD is its Information Facility. Data can be presented in different media in the form of any documents containing background information about the materials, types of equipment, model design decisions, options, elements, information on the status of current developments.

IO CAD consists of a description of standard design procedures, standard designs decisions, typical elements, Components and their models, materials, numerical values of the parameters and other data.

Furthermore, IO CAD includes rules and design standards contained in the relevant normative and technical documentation, as well as information on how to document the results of design. Structure and content of the IO CAD, as well as the nature of its use depends on the degree of development Database.

Data IO usually grouped in separate arrays, each of which relates to a particular object descriptions. Such arrays are called File. All set File forms databaseWhich can be reused when designing for different stages and levels.

The data, which are the result of any single conversion process may be the source for another process of transformation. The main purpose of the IO is the CAD information management fund, which is to ensure the creation, support and organization of data access. IO CAD is, therefore, the totality of information collection and means of reference.

All varied in content information used in CAD, is accumulated in the database (DB). Last created on the basis of a uniform classification system, coding the entire set of information on the form, as well as the centralization of databases to the same database could use and technology designers.

Information used in CAD can be divided into declarative (eg, description of the typical elementary surfaces, form elements and details; model of technological processes of these elements or blanks in general) and procedural (eg, procedure of formation process of picking routes, machining).

Declarative information may be statistical or dynamic. Static is characterized by few changes. The dynamic information consists of intermediate and resulting data of the design process. Dynamic information becomes static when the CAD system is programmed for a constant updating of its database, due to newly occurring cases of design (the creation of precedents).

In the database, in general, accumulate: for policy information, which is a task for the design, standards, guidance documents and standards of enterprises; regulatory information, representing the classifiers, the rules of coding and decoding methods of calculation and design, analysis and synthesis, simulation, practical recommendations of the heuristic nature of summarizing the experience of manual design, etc.; factual information which is non-quantitative and quantitative reference, catalog and passport data, typical solutions, prototypes, analogues and precedents.

Original form of information can be documented (eg in the form of "technological map processing model details"), iconographic (eg, drawing tools, devices) and factual (eg, the technological parameters of the range equipment, taken from his passport).

Database is constantly updated with information on the development of systems of classification and coding. This allows, for example, to effectively use the principles of group technology assembly or processing and to avoid re-development through the application instead of them made earlier developments.

CAD software

CAD software (In CAD) is a collection of computer programs and their associated operational documents necessary to carry out computer-aided design. Completeness, properties and characteristics of the software - define the functionality, scope and effectiveness of CAD.

CAD software consists of a document with the programs, programs for all types of storage media, as well as operational documents (instructions on the application, etc.).

The set of computer programs presented in the specified form, required to perform any procedure, the machine is called the package of applied programs (PPP).

Some software that serves to manage the processing of information by computer, called the operating system (OS).

The software is divided into system-wide (common) and application (special).

Enterprise-wide software used to organize the functioning of technical means.

Application software is focused on a specific subject area of computer-aided design.

Programs included in the software should:

- ensure economy of use of computer resources (memory and CPU time), ie be effective;

- have reliability;

- have structural and modular, which lies in the fact that the challenge can be divided into simpler, each of which corresponds to a specific software module;

- allow modifiability, ie made to the program changes should not impair their quality;

- allow portability to new types of computers and technological problems;

- be consistent, ie data that are used in two or more programs that should be included in the numerical arrays that do not require correction in the transition from one program to another;

- be "friendly", ie easier to use.

Linguistic Support CAD

Linguistic Support CAD represents the totality of the form of a given language (including terms and definitions, rules of formalization of language, as well as methods of compression and the deployment of the texts) needed for computer-aided design. Languages that are used in computer engineering, are algorithmic. They serve to define specific algorithms of information processing and built through a set of symbols and rules of the language.

With CAD used programming languages and languages spoken man with a computer.

With programming languages are compiled programs that are part of a system-wide or application software. These languages are divided into the languages of low and high levels.

Low-level language - Machine languages, operators of which consist of machine instructions, and assemblers, ie Languages symbolic coding, which used mnemonic symbols of machine instructions.

High-level languages not imply knowledge of the user machine language. They are not associated with a particular type of computer. Therefore possible to translate programs from one computer to another. A team of high-level language is translated into several teams of machine code. Expressions of language consistent with its scope and have a rigid tabular form. To the language of this level algorithmic programming languages include FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, ALGOL, PASCAL, APL, C + +, etc.

Input language CAD oriented to the problem of designing objects a certain area, ie is problem-oriented language (singing) and is typically for use in interactive mode. In some cases, singing is constructed so that the description of any task or assignment on its decision to include mainly original terms of physical and functional content. The transition from the physical and functional description of a problem to a computer program then automatically executed by the translator. In other cases, for example, in solving problems of geometric type, singing together means algorithmic high-level language providing computational solution of mathematical problems and the special linguistic resources modeling geometric objects. Algorithmic language translator, with a complement of special programs.

Thus, singing may describe in detail:

- job design, ie describe the set of notes and restrictive conditions, forming a "model release";

- objects considered in the design (to describe the set of all variants of all the objects that appear as "selected factors"), all intermediate and resulting decisions;

- all the procedures that must be done to get a solution.

The first two conditions define the singing as a language for describing the object, the third - as a language for describing the job.

Input languages CAD must meet the following basic requirements: fully describe any facilities for the design-oriented CAD system, this, you have easy alphabet and syntax of the text, as well as the familiarity of geometric constructions; provide concise entries; ensure the uniqueness of interpretation and the interpretation of text and graphic constructions; prevent opportunity to develop and adjust the language in accordance with the improvement of CAD.

Technical support of CAD

Technical CAD software is a set of interrelated and interacting hardware (components) to carry out computer-aided design, with each tool performs a specific function of design.

Technical facilities are classified as follows.

- Training and data entry designed for the automatic preparation, encoding, visual inspection and editing of input into the computer alphanumeric and graphical information, as well as the application of data on different storage media information.

- Program data provide remote communications facilities through various channels of communication.

- Software processing, data is digital data reception, processing, accumulation and withdrawal of storage media, display devices and communication channels.

- Archiving of project solutions perform storage, control, restoration and reproduction of data on project decisions, etc.

Methodological Support CAD

Under the methodological basis for CAD to understand set of documents setting out the composition and rules of selection and operation of computer-aided design tools needed for its implementation.

Organizational support CAD

Under the organizational maintenance CAD understood as a set of documents setting out the structure and functions of the company or organization, interacting with the CAD, as well as determining the order of reference documentation. Organizational maintenance of CAD as an independent component contains various provisions, regulations, orders, qualifications, staffing plans and other documents governing the organizational structure of departments of design organization, as well as the interactions of entities with the means of computer-aided design.

CAD in computer-integrated manufacturing

Reflecting the prevailing practice of consistent implementation of processes of design and development of technologies, CAD usually divided in at least two basic types:

- CAD product design (CAD I);

- CAD technology for their manufacture.

CAD design products (CAD) perform volumetric and flat geometric modeling, engineering analysis, evaluation of design decisions, getting the drawings. Andssledovatelsky stage CAD products are sometimes released in a separate automated system research.

CAD technology manufacturing (CAM), which in Russia is called the automated system of technological preparation of production (ASTPP). The task of CAD process (CAD TA) is the development of technical documentation (route, operating), brought to jobs and with varying degrees of detail the future process of manufacturing parts.

A separate, unrelated, operation systems, CAD and he gives to the economic effect, the size of which can be substantially increased integration of these systems (Fig. 2) by Sarah. Such Integrated System SAD/ CAM at the information level is supported by a unified database that stores information about the structure and geometry of the product (as a result of design in the CAD) On the production technology and equipment for UP CNC (as background information for processing in the system itself on the equipment with CNC).

Figure.2. Elements of an integrated system

At present the main trend in the achievement of high competitive ability of Western companies is the transition from individual closed CAD and their partial integration to full integration of technical and organizational standpoint. Such integration is associated with the introduction of models of computer-integrated manufacturing (TRC), or in English withIM.

Fig. 3 shows the main stages of construction and logistical CAD, realized withIM.

Figure.3. Basic systems CIM

Practical experience of establishing and operating withIM shows that the strategic concept of CIM should cover the design, manufacture and marketing of products for computer-integrated manufacturing. Planning should begin with market research and end with issues of delivery of products to the consumer.

Building CIM includes addressing:

- Information Management (departure from the principle of centralization and decentralization of the transition to a co-ordinated at each of the considered­GOVERNMENTAL levels both through the collection and accumulation of information within individual subsystems, and in the central database);

- processing (docking and adaptation of software of various subsystems) and the physical connection subsystems (interfaces, ie docking, computer hardware, including the use of computer networks).

Innedrenie CIM significantly reduces the total travel time of the order by reducing the transfer time from one area to another and reduce the downtime when making your order, and also due to the transition from sequential to simultaneous processing, increases productivity by eliminating or drastically reducing repetitive manual operations, training and data transmission (eg , Machine mapping of geometric data can be used in all parts of the construction products).



Literature

«SOFTWARE PROBLEMS OF ROAD TRANSPORT». Textbook Novgorod State University named after Yaroslav the Wise site at http://www.novsu.ru/npe/files/um/1128/umk/POZAT/Glava_2/Glava_2.htm

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